home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- CRIME, Page 103CALIFORNIAFrom Killing Fields To Mean Streets
-
-
- The street-gang virus is now infecting Cambodian refugees
-
- BY JAMES WILLWERTH
-
-
- The middle-aged man had fled Cambodia to save his family
- from the genocidal Khmer Rouge. Now, as he stalked furiously
- back and forth across the grimy patio behind a cramped bungalow
- in the Little Phnom Penh section of Long Beach, he saw a very
- different threat materializing -- within his own family. His
- 14-year-old son, gang-named Flipper, and another homeboy, Slicc,
- 18, were bragging to a stranger about a shoot-out.
-
- "I'm on the corner phone with my girlfriend," Slicc
- recounted. "The Mexican drives up and yells, `What set you
- from?' I yell it ain't none of his business, and he busts three
- caps [shoots three bullets] at me. I take out my gun and bust
- four back . . ." At that point, the father began to wave his
- arms and shout. Friends of Slicc's and Flipper's pushed the man
- firmly back inside his house. "Parents don't understand,"
- shrugged Flipper.
-
- In the bizarre and bloody world of Southern California
- gang life, armed and alienated children are guerrilla warriors.
- Cambodian gangs battling Hispanic gangs is but the newest
- infection. Ira Reiner, district attorney for Los Angeles County
- (pop. 8,776,000), estimates that 130,000 gang members operate
- in his jurisdiction alone. They range from subteen "peewees" to
- as many as 13,000 hard-core killers. Last year in the county the
- gangs accounted for 18,059 violent felonies and 690 deaths.
- Nearly every ethnic group is represented in the mayhem: the
- highly publicized black Bloods and Crips; multigenerational
- Hispanic groups that account for nearly two-thirds of all
- California gangs; whites; Asians; Pacific Islanders; and Jewish
- and Armenian groups.
-
- The kid who traded shots with Slicc was a member of the
- East Side Longos, a large Mexican-American gang rooted in the
- Hispanic community that settled along Anaheim Street in Long
- Beach (pop. 429,000) after World War II. Three decades later,
- Cambodian immigrants seeking affordable homes arrived. "At
- school the Mexicans looked down upon us and hurt us," recalls
- Mad Dog, 29, a "retired" homeboy whose mother was a Phnom Penh
- university professor. "We saw that American people had groups,
- white with white, black with black. We decided to become more
- famous. If they could steal cars and do drive-by shootings, so
- could we."
-
- In Southern California that was a logical step for the
- young Cambodians to take. "You land in a gang neighborhood, it
- might seem natural to form a militia to defend yourself,"
- explains Steve Valdivia, director of Los Angeles County's
- Community Youth Gang Services Project. Nearly all the state's
- street gangs started out copying Hispanic "cholo" (lowlife)
- styles. Scholars trace Hispanic gangs back to the 1920s, when
- Roman Catholic parishes organized social clubs for children who
- felt unwelcome at white high school dances. Despite drive-by
- shootings and drug trafficking, the gangs were tolerated as a
- "community" issue for half a century. Explains former teen
- gangster Ysmael Pereira, 48, who is now a gang counselor: "The
- code was always to keep it quiet."
-
- Harassed by the East Side Longos, the Cambodians organized
- gangs with names like Tiny Rascals and Asian Boyz. They helped
- swell Long Beach's gang membership to more than 10,000. Mad Dog
- and the others imitated their enemies. They "kicked back" on
- street corners and marked their turf with graffiti. Between turf
- shoot-outs, they also began to extort "protection" money from
- local businessmen. Fearing reprisals, the merchants have rarely
- complained. Gang detective Norman Sorenson remembers contacting
- dozens of Cambodian merchants after police found a detailed list
- of extortion victims in the car of a Tiny Rascals leader. "They
- all denied it," says Sorenson. Cambodian gangsters killed their
- first East Side Longo in a retaliatory drive-by in October 1989.
- Gang-related deaths last year: 46.
-
- Many Cambodian gang members became hardened to violence
- during their escape from the killing fields of Southeast Asia.
- "I remember walking and walking," recalls Little Devil, 16,
- describing his family's trek out of Cambodia when he was five.
- "If we didn't keep up, we'd be lost." Perhaps because of their
- past globe trotting, Cambodian gang members can be astonishingly
- mobile. When Long Beach cops saturated the "Anaheim corridor"
- this summer after a burst of shoot-outs, the Cambodian gangs
- vanished. "They took off for Stockton and Modesto -- maybe
- farther," says Mike Nen, an ethnic-Cambodian cop. Adds gang
- detective Sorenson: "The Hispanics sit on the corner and stare
- at you. The Asians might fly to Chicago."
-
- Some observers think the East Side Longos would be wise to
- get airplane tickets too. "The Cambodians know what real war
- is," says Nen's partner, Patrolman Dan Brooks. "The Hispanics
- have a street mentality. They shoot on impulse and go home
- thinking they're safe. But the Cambodians know better." When
- combat looms, for example, Cambodian gang members sometimes call
- in reinforcements from hundreds of miles away. Little Devil is
- an Oriental Lazy Boy from downtown Los Angeles who rode into
- Long Beach recently with Lazy Boys from Tacoma to help battle
- the Longos. They left when one of the visiting Lazy Boys was
- wounded.
-
- "The real issue is family breakdown," says Benton Samana,
- a Buddhist monk. "Don't believe that snow job about the kids
- joining gangs to protect themselves." In Southeast Asia, parents
- take wayward children to monks for counseling. In providing
- that service here, Samana constantly encounters war-related
- emotional problems, such as withdrawn or hysterical parents
- suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. "Their children
- think they are wacky," he explains. "They don't want to be
- around them."
-
- State and local officials have been unable to come up with
- any comprehensive solution to the gang problem. Meanwhile,
- demography is making radical changes in Southern California's
- gang life. South Central Los Angeles, where the Bloods and Crips
- began, now has more immigrant Latino youths than African-American
- kids. Poor black families have moved out, sometimes to the South,
- to keep their children out of gangs. "In five years," says
- educator David Flores, a gang expert who runs special school
- programs, "the Crips and Bloods will cease to be a serious
- problem there." Perhaps. But Sergeant Wes McBride, a gang expert
- with the sheriff's department, predicts that "Hispanic Bloods and
- Crips" may soon fill the vacuum left by the departing black gang
- members. On Southern California's mean streets, faces change, but
- the conditions that breed gangs have not.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-